Online education at Longwood University Essays

Online instruction at Longwood University Essays Online instruction at Longwood University Essay Online instruction at Longwood University Essay The state funded school Longwood University is offering online training programs and the cutoff time for applying is rolling. The program speaks to an online business graduate program. The entirety of the selected understudies are as of now utilized and applied for this course just for getting advanced education. Similarly as whatever other school that offers internet contemplating and training, Longwood University has the entirety of the online classes recorded and documented for additional utilization. This online business program established by Longwood University is certify by the best quality levels of business college accreditations †the Association of Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. Longwood University established this online business graduate program in 2010-2011. The complete number of selected understudies is 16. The educational cost for this program is distinctive for in-state understudies and out-of-state understudies. For in-state understudies the educational cost is $289 and for out-of-state understudies, the educational cost is $799. The cutoff time for applying is rolling, the affirmations site is www.longwood.edu and the email is [emailprotected] The rankings for Longwood University’s online program are the accompanying: position 5 and score 95 for preparing and staff qualifications, rank 215 and score 16 for innovation and understudy administrations, rank 31 and score 85 for understudy commitment and rank 16 and score 83 for affirmations selectivity. The friend appraisal score 1.6 out of 5. The application cutoff time is the equivalent for both in-state and global understudies. The executive of affirmations is Abigail O’Connor. The affirmations telephone is 434 395 2043. Longwood University grants MBAs and it has 10 full-time personnel educators who instruct on the online courses however the degree can't be earned altogether on the web. Grounds based understudies are not permitted to take an interest in this online course. The suggested Internet speed for this online course is DSL. The main issue that can happen is that there is currently live technical support constantly. The low maintenance educational cost for in-state understudies is $289 and for out-of-state understudies is $799. The full-time educational cost for in-state understudies is additionally $289 and for out-of-state understudies $799.

The Doctrine Of Judicial Precedent Law Essay

The Doctrine Of Judicial Precedent Law Essay Legal point of reference likewise called case law. It is the framework embraced by decides where the adjudicators follow past decisions.1It basically implies that the past choice made by decided in comparable cases are official upon future cases relying upon the chain of importance of the court. In this way, under legal point of reference, a lower court will undoubtedly follow the choice made by a higher court when there is a case which has comparable material realities to a case that has chosen by a higher court. Regardless of whether the choice is right, a court will undoubtedly follow the proportion of any choice by a court above it in the chain of command. For instance, as per the progression of the court framework in Malaysia, Court of Appeal, High Court and Sessions Court is under Federal Court. Accordingly, Federal Court choice consequently ties the Court of Appeal, High Court and Sessions Court. The chart of progression alludes to addendum 1. In English Law, the arrangement of restricting point of reference is called gaze decisis. The standard of gaze decisis includes proportion decidendi and obiter announcement. Proportion decidendi is the lawful standard of the case which is authoritative on the lower courts. It is likewise the purpose behind deciding.2 Nevertheless, obiter proclamation isn't official on the lower courts. Obiter announcement is remarks made by the judges.3It implies that coincidental comments by an appointed authority which is enticing only.4 Therefore, the adjudicators have the decision whether to follow or not to follow. In the event that the adjudicators is setting another point of reference and only creation new law on the grounds that there is a case before him is unprecedented then it is called unique point of reference. Be that as it may, is the appointed authorities is simply only applies a current standard of law then it is called explanatory point of reference. On account of Donoghue v Stevenson 5, it is about the offended party, Mrs Donoghue went to a cafã © with a companion, who had gotten her a beverage of ginger lager. She had emptied a portion of the beverage into a glass and devoured it. In the wake of drinking a large portion of it, she found a decayed snail inside the jug while she drinking the ginger brew. From that point onward, Mrs Donoghue got unwell and sick. In this way, she chose to sue the maker of the ginger lager who is the litigant. On that time, the standard solution for harm brought about by an imperfect item would be an activity in contract. In any case, Mrs Donoghue didn't have any agreement with the producer of ginger lager even the cafã © proprietor. The person who have contract with the cafã © proprietor is Mrs Donoghues companion. This is on the grounds that the ginger lager is purchased by her companion yet not Mrs Donoghue herself. In spite of the fact that Mrs Donoghues companion have contract with the cafã © proprietor, her companion likewise can't sued for cure harm since her companion didn't get injured by the ginger brew. As ginger brew was not a hazardous item, and the maker had not deceitfully distorted it, the case additionally fell outside the extent of the built up cases on item obligation. 6 The House of Lords had express that the producer of ginger brew owed an obligation of care to the Mrs Donoghue. The producer of ginger brew must have obligation of care to the end client of its items. For this situation, the assembling of ginger brew had penetrated the obligation of care. In this way, Mrs Donoghue is entitled for the cure of harms. This case is official on the lower courts since this was an extraordinary case it was chosen to initially set up. When this proportion or lawful point of reference was built up other comparable cases are followed. From that point onward, there is another case which is Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd .7 This case is firmly identified with the Donoghue v Stevenson case. In Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd case, Dr Grant, the offended party had purchased an underwear from a retailer. The underwear is produced by the litigant, Australian Knitting Mills Ltd. Dr Grant was contracted dermatitis. The underwear was in a flawed condition inferable from the nearness of abundance of sulphite. It was discovered that the maker had been carelessly left in it during the time spent production. For this situation, the purchaser sued the retailer in contract and the maker in tort. The Privy Council held that the litigants were at risk to the offended party in spite of the fact that there is no privity between Dr Grant and the producer. The choice of this case is bound to the Donoghue v Stevenson case since there are comparative cases. Here, In 2010, Mr. Equity Peter, a higher court judge sitting alone in choosing a case which has comparable material realities to one chose by the Court of Appeal in 2009. In light of the clarification of regulation of legal point of reference and the case of cases above, in this manner, he is bound to the choice made by the Court of Appeal. ______________________________________________________________________________ TAR College Note TAR College Note TAR College Note Reading material, Principles of Business and Corporate Law, Malaysia, pg 20 [1932] AC 562 Reading material, Principles of Business and Corporate Law, Malaysia, pg 339 [1936] AC 85 Question 1(b) There are a few qualities and shortcomings of case law as a wellspring of law. The main preferred position is consistency. Everybody is dealt with equally1 and will get same discipline for a similar case or offense. For instance, on account of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562, the choice is Mrs Donoghue is entitled for the cure of harms for the situation. Hence from that point forward, this case is tie. So when there is case which has comparable realities with this case Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd (1936) AC 85, the offended party is entitled for the cases of harms by following the instance of Donoghue v Stevenson. There is consistency as everybody is dealt with similarly and it is reasonable for them. The subsequent preferred position will be sureness. There is conviction supposing that the issue has been unraveled under the steady gaze of, the court will undoubtedly receive or follow the solution.2 Thus, the attorney can do the examination so they can exhort or advise all the more precisely to their customer the discipline of the case. At the point when Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd (1936) AC 85 occurred, the attorney can generally comprehend what is the discipline or answer for settle up this case as already there is a comparable case Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562 occurred and the appointed authorities need to tie and follow the choice. Consistency is the third preferred position. This is on the grounds that when there are cases that have comparable materials realities with the past cases, the legal counselors can generally comprehend what is the result of the new case. By guaging the result of the case, the legal counselors can tell their customers the level of the triumphant rate. [Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) and Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd (1936)] So, the legal advisor can allude to Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) and mention to their customers what is the level of winning the case and what are the answers for that case or is it worth to proceed up this case. In addition, the other bit of leeway of case law is less legitimate expense brought about. This is on the grounds that the case can be settled and settled quickly3. When there is a choices made by judges beforehand on comparable material realities, they can set aside cash. This is on the grounds that there as of now have the past models, so they can settle the case rapidly as they can follow the choices of the past one. At that point this can abbreviate the length of the case, and this can assist with setting aside the legitimate costs that should be paid. Other than that, character of the adjudicators won't impact the result of a contest in court as judges will undoubtedly follow the past decisions.4 When there is legal point of reference, the appointed authorities can't settle on the choice by its own reasoning or thought which may impact the guilty party future. This is on the grounds that each individual got their own characters, incorporated the adjudicators themselves. So one of the favorable circumstances is the appointed authorities need to follow the past choices. So everybody will get a similar discipline and this is reasonable for everybody. Then again, case law has its burdens too which we referred to it as shortcomings. One of the shortcomings is massive and complex. At times there are an excessive number of cases and such a large number of laws that nobody can become familiar with all of it.5 When there is a case happened which have the comparable material realities with past one, the legal advisor needs to allude to the past case. At the point when legal advisor need to peruse all the cases and allude to them, it is very confused for legal counselors as they don't have the foggiest idea what is the best reference. For instance, on account of Phillips v Brooks [1919] 2 KB 243 Horridge J and Ingram v Little [1960] 3 All ER 332, CA. The aftereffects of these 2 cases are extraordinary, however there are likeness realities. At that point, in the following case [Lewis v Averay [1971] 3 All ER 907, CA] the adjudicators chose to follow the choice of Phillips v Brooks and questioning Ingram v Little. On the off chance that the legal advisor feels that the possibility of winning is higher after observe the consequence of case Ingram v Little, toward the end it may baffled them. Along these lines, it is so entangled and massive for the legal counselors as they can't choose which one is the best reference for them. Furthermore of that, occasionally it is inflexibility or not adaptable which implies that it might now and again cause hardship.6 Once it is made it is authoritative until it is being overruled.7 When there are terrible choices made on past cases, the new case which has the comparable material realities with it needs to follow the awful choice as well. It is so uncalled for them. Ultimately, we realize that solitary the proportion of the case is authoritative in a case.8 So the shortcoming of case law is once in a while the proportion decidendi of a case is hard to track down. So the issue happens when it is exceptionally hard to tell which part is the proportion decidendi and which is the obiter announcement of the case. For instance on account of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562, the House of Lords said the makers had an obligation of care to the purchaser of their item. At that point, this choice that the House of Lords made is positively reassuring resulting judges to break out of the shackles of the past, it was thought at an opportunity to be obiter and was re

Community Health Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Network Health Nursing - Essay Example Self destruction may result from despondency, from a post-horrible pressure issue, bipolar, uneasiness, substance use or a marginal character issue. Self destruction is a preventable general medical issue and any individual who communicates any sort of self-destructive contemplations or aims should be paid attention to very. Other admonition signs incorporate unexpected withdrawal, misery and over the top trouble, demonstrating risky and self-unsafe practices, change in conduct to ponder passing and compromising self destruction (Nordentoft, Mortensen, and Pedersen, 2011). Numerous treatment choices can be considered for treating mental clutters relying upon the sort of condition. Among them incorporates conduct treatment a type of psychotherapy for treating psychopathology, intellectual social treatment a psychotherapeutic methodology made out of social and psychological strategies, subjective treatment to assist people with speculation all the more successfully and gathering treatment a type of psychotherapy. Other treatment alternatives accessible incorporate utilization of Electroconvulsive treatment used to treatment significant despondencies not reacting to other treatment choices, pharmacological treatment by medicine utilize, for example, antipsychotics and antidepressants, the utilization of individual psychotherapy and psychoanalytic treatment choice concentrated on helping the patient become mindful of the fundamental wellsprings of their obsessive condition (Jorm, 2012). Psychological wellness medical attendants have a job in working with customers in the network to organize the scope of administrations that are required in an exertion of amplifying the patient’s level of working. They cooperate with the guardians and relatives to offer and backing in managing the conditions. Be that as it may, their job changes relying upon the setting and zones of specialization. Among a portion of the regular jobs they play incorporate thinking about patients, evaluating and teaching patients, drug organization, empowering patients, arrangement of treatment, improving

Writing a Princeton Essay Topic - Some Ideas That Will Help You

Writing a Princeton Essay Topic - Some Ideas That Will Help YouIf you are planning to write a Princeton essay topic for college, there are a few things that you need to take into consideration. In this article, we will be discussing some of the factors that are likely to appear in your essay topic and the ways in which they can be used. By knowing these factors and the ways in which they can be used, you will be in a better position to write a well-written essay topic.One unique way that you can use is the use of questions. Princeton students love to do this because it gives them an opportunity to try out their writing skills and show their creativity. When you ask students for their thoughts, you allow them to express themselves in their own words. There are many ways that you can use questions in your topic to make it unique.Start by brainstorming your topic. Pick a few questions that are important to the people involved and develop a plan to answer those questions. This will give you a good base to work from when writing your essay. You can then revise your plan as needed.Next, you should determine which section of the essay you will write. Since you will most likely need to summarize the entire topic, choose a specific section. This will prevent you from making any mistakes in your main ideas. It will also help you avoid doing the same thing twice.Write your main idea on the first line of your essay. Before you write anything else, you will want to give it some thought. The key here is to get the main idea down in writing so that you can start writing the rest of the essay.Start your paragraph by discussing how you believe the main idea applies to the section of the essay. This will give the reader an overview of what you are trying to say in the essay. Since you are writing a topic on your own, you want to be sure that your outline is clear and that your body is strong.You will want to end your paragraph with a conclusion that ties your main idea to the re st of the essay. Again, this will give the reader an overview of what you are trying to say and will give you a sense of completion. By writing your outline and beginning your paragraphs correctly, you will find that writing a Princeton essay topic is a breeze.

Essay on Classroom Scenarios - 2572 Words

Classroom Scenario Analysis Classroom Scenario Analysis Mrs. Ross has her fourth grade students move their desks together into groups of 2 to do a group activity. She instructs them to pair with anyone they choose. Teresa raises her hand, â€Å"I don’t want to pair with Megan again because she doesn’t do any of the work. Can I have someone else?† Megan who is soft-spoken just looks down at the floor as the class waits for the teacher’s response. Mrs. Ross asks Teresa and Megan to come with her outside and instructs the class to carry on with the activity. 1. What level of mutual respect exists between students and the teacher in this scenario? How did mutual respect affect the classroom dynamics? How would you improve mutual†¦show more content†¦The instructions Mrs. Ross gave told students they could choose their own partner. There was never a need for Teresa to comment on not wanting to be Megan’s partner as Mrs. Ross had already told students to pick their own partner. 4. What conflic ts did you observe in this classroom? What conflict resolution methods could you use to resolve the conflicts in this classroom? Are there any peer mediation methods that you could use in this scenario? The conflict in the classroom was between Teresa and Megan. To resolve the conflict I would bring the two students together and have them work cooperatively on the issue with my guidance. I would want both students to feel free to speak their mind, feel listened to, and feel that they are an important part of the solution. I would want them to understand that they both need to be respectful, listen to each other, and try to understand the others’ point of view. As part of the process I would also expect them to work together to come to an agreement they both feel good about. I would not use peer mediation methods in a fourth grade class. 5. What changes would you make to help this classroom become more of a community? Why would developing this classroom into a community be important? I don’t see any changes I would make, but something I would talk to the class about to make the classroom become more of a community would be respect. I would plan a mini lesson on respect and how we treat others for another day.Show MoreRelatedClassroom Scenario Analysis : Classroom Scenarios1285 Words   |  6 PagesClassroom scenario analysis Education is the basis and foundation of knowledge for almost every being living in the current world. Due to diversification and adversities, many suitable teaching and learning techniques are being advanced to cater for each and every person’s knowledge quest. Technological advancement has also spearheaded development of education among nations. Professional learning communities, and webinar are some of the trending learning techniques in many developed countries (MarshallRead MoreClassroom Scenario : Linguistically And Culturally Diverse Learners2054 Words   |  9 Pages Classroom Scenario Analysis Patricia Hough ELL240: Linguistically Culturally Diverse Learners (ACV1524A) Professor Catherine Tapia July 13, 2015 Classroom Scenario Analysis As educators, we are responsible in providing quality education and learning strategies that will help English language learners (ELLs) develop and progress in both academic and social skills. 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Although, I’m aware that people have different beliefs and values, I acknowledged that collaborating ideas is beneficial, and operates as a learning tool, only if you are willing to listen and learn. Nevertheless, making a decision about the scenarios were not difficult, we were able to identify similar ethical ideas, yet, I was concernRead MoreThe Classroom Management Simulation : Effectively Handling Transitions1513 Words   |  7 Pageswisely. In any classroom, it will be important to try several practices and see which work best for your students. The Classroom Management Simulation provided three scenarios. The first scenario is based on data given on transition time. The data proved that during transition times students are more likely to be off task and misbehave(Classroom management simulation: Effectively handling transitions, 2015). 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I knew that that introducing a new topic on a Friday in an elementary classroom was not ideal as the majority of teachers that I have observed in the past

Essay on A Child Soldiers Life - 704 Words

Carolina Quinones Mr. Paradis English 10 11 June 2013 A Child Soldier’s Life The life of a child soldier is not an easy one; it’s full of violence and bloodshed. Children from most ages get recruited and are forced to do things that they are against, things that are against their beliefs. But although child soldiers suffer through many mental disorders, they can still be respectable adults. They go through many things, the recruiting itself, then the violence, after comes the horrifying rehabilitation and last they are finally reintegrated into society. In A Long Way Gone, Ishmael suffered from these things, himself explaining that at some point in his life, he just went numb to everything (Beah 121). Throughout Africa, rebel†¦show more content†¦This program takes away their guns and anything that remind them of the war, like the drugs, after they put the child in a rehabilitation center and try to give them a new cycle, like going to school and such and last they reintegrate them into society, both socially, economically and emotionally (â€Å"Recent Developments in International Rehabilitation of Child Soldiers†). Different methods are taken to help these children rehabilitate, but none the less, they are rehabilitated, and helped, taken away from the war and returned to their childhoods. After the children are rehabilitated, they are reintegrated into society with the hope that they will continue their lives violence-free. Actual studies have been made to evaluate the process of the children after they are rehabilitated and thrown back into society. In the study, children who had killed someone increased levels in hostility, others who survived rape also had high levels of anxiety and hostility but they had shown greater confidence and prosocial attitudes. At the end of the study, the improved community acceptance lowered levels of depression and improved confidence and prosocial attitudes despite the violent past. (Betancourt, â€Å"Sierra Leone’s Former Child Soldiers: A Follow-up Study of Psychological Adjustment and Community Reintegration†). The study showed that despite their violentShow MoreRelatedSuccess Is Within The Individual Mind And Expectations907 Words   |  4 PagesSuccess Success is within the individual mind and expectations. The definition of success differs from just one person’s interpretation of what success means. A large block of life is spent working to become successful: acquiring an education, being able to take care of family, achieving a life’s ambition, or making money. 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African Americans Essay Example For Students

African Americans Essay Black Americans Black Americans are those persons in the United States who trace their ancestry to members of the Negroid race in Africa. They have at various times in United States history been referred to as African, coloured, Negro, Afro-American, and African-American, as well as black. The black population of the United States has grown from three-quarters of a million in 1790 to nearly 30 million in 1990. As a percentage of the total population, blacks declined from 19. 3 in 1790 to 9. 7 in 1930. A modest percentage increase has occurred since that time. Over the past 300 and more years in the United States, considerable racial mixture has taken place between persons of African descent and those with other racial backgrounds, mainly of white European or American Indian ancestry. Shades of skin colour range from dark brown to ivory. In body type black Americans range from short and stocky to tall and lean. Nose shapes vary from aquiline to extremely broad and flat; hair colour from medium brown to brown black; and hair texture from tightly curled to limp and straight. Historically, the predominant attitude toward racial group membership in the United States has been that persons having any black African ancestry are considered to be black. In some parts of the United States, especially in the antebellum South, laws were written to define racial group membership in this way, generally to the detriment of those who were not Caucasian. It is important to note, however, that ancestry and physical characteristics are only part of what has set black Americans apart as a distinct group. The concept of race, as it applies to the black minority in the United States, is as much a social and political concept as a biological one. Blacks Under Slavery: 1600-1865 The first Africans in the New World arrived with Spanish and Portuguese explorers and settlers. By 1600 an estimated 275,000 Africans, both free and slave, were in Central and South America and the Caribbean area. Africans first arrived in the area that became the United States in 1619, when a handful of captives were sold by the captain of a Dutch man-of-war to settlers at JAMESTOWN. Others were brought in increasing numbers to fill the desire for labour in a country where land was plentiful and labour scarce. By the end of the 17th century, approximately 1,300,000 Africans had landed in the New World. From 1701 to 1810 the number reached 6,000,000, with another 1,800,000 arriving after 1810. Some Africans were brought directly to the English colonies in North America. Others landed as slaves in the West Indies and were later resold and shipped to the mainland. Slavery in America The earliest African arrivals were viewed in the same way as indentured servants from Europe. This similarity did not long continue. By the latter half of the 17th century, clear differences existed in the treatment of black and white servants. A 1662 Virginia law assumed Africans would remain servants for life, and a 1667 act declared that Baptism do not alter the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedom. By 1740 the SLAVERY system in colonial America was fully developed. A Virginia law in that year declared slaves to be chattel personal in the hands of their owners and possessors . . . for all intents, construction, and purpose whatsoever. In spite of numerous ideological conflicts, however, the slavery system was maintained in the United States until 1865, and widespread antiblack attitudes nurtured by slavery continued thereafter. Prior to the American Revolution, slavery existed in all the colonies. The ideals of the Revolution and the limited profitability of slavery in the North resulted in its abandonment in northern states during the last quarter of the 18th century. At the same time the strength of slavery increased in the South, with the continuing demand for cheap labour by the tobacco growers and cotton farmers of the Southern states. By 1850, 92 percent of all American blacks were concentrated in the South, and of this group approximately 95 percent were slaves. Under the plantation system gang labour was the typical form of employment. Overseers were harsh as a matter of general practice, and brutality was common. Slaves could own no property unless sanctioned by a slave master, and rape of a female slave was not considered a crime except as it represented trespassing on anothers property. Slaves could not present evidence in court against whites. In most of the South it was illegal to teach a black to read or write. Opposition by Blacks Blacks were forbidden to carry arms or to gather in numbers except in the presence of a white person. Free blacks, whether living in the North or South, were confronted with attitudes and actions that differed little from those facing Southern black slaves. Discrimination existed in most social and economic activities as well as in voting and education. In 1857 the DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD case of the U. S. Supreme Court placed the authority of the Constitution behind decisions made by states in the treatment of blacks. Whenever I get a package of plain MMs, I make it EssayLater international audiences were won by Johnny MATHIS, Diana ROSS, and Michael JACKSON. BLACK AMERICAN LITERATURE and art were slower to develop than was black music. Early artists and writers who were black dealt with themes that, in selection and approach, were indistinguishable from the works of whites. By the 1920s centers of artistic activity had developed, the best known being in New York. The HARLEM RENAISSANCE, as this artistic outpouring was known, produced outstanding figures. Among them were poets Langston HUGHES, Countee CULLEN, and James Weldon JOHNSON; writers Claude MCKAY and Jean TOOMER. The work of the Harlem Renaissance and writers such as Richard WRIGHT reflected the growing race consciousness among blacks and their opposition to the segregation encountered in all forms of life. These themes continue to be important in the work of such writers as James BALDWIN, Amiri BARAKA, Gwendolyn BROOKS, Ralph ELLISON, Douglas Turner WARD, and John A. WILLIAMS. Religion Religion has traditionally been important to black American life. The first major denomination among blacks, the African Methodist Episcopal Church, grew from the church established by Richard Allen in Philadelphia in 1787. With Emancipation, most former slaves joined Baptist or Methodist churches. These remain today as the church groups with the largest black memberships. Smaller numbers belong to other denominations and to independent churches of varying sizes. Among non-Christian religious groups that have attracted sizeable followings are the Peace Mission of Father DIVINE and the Nation of Islam, often referred to as the Black MuslimsThe Peace Mission is strongly integrationist in teachings, a concept opposed by the Nation of Islam during most of its history. In recent years the racial character of leadership and members of the Peace Mission have become increasingly white. In 1985 the main Black Muslim group was unified with the Muslim community world-wide. Black ministers who have figured prominently in politics during the post-World War II period include Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King, Jr. , Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. , Leon Sullivan, and Andrew YOUNG. The Family The black family through much of U. S. history has borne the strain of slavery and Jim Crow. These institutions limited the opportunity for the black male to fulfill his traditional role of head of household and protector of and provider for his family. Because women were often able to find domestic employment when no jobs were available to black men, women often provided more dependable and regular incomes. Statistically, black women are more frequently the head of families than is the case in nonblack families. In addition to problems of unemployment, urbanisation produced strains of overcrowding, weakening of the extended family concept, and alienation. Nevertheless, relations among family members have traditionally been close. Many first-and second-generation city-dwelling blacks continue to think of home as the Southern place from which the family came. Education Until the post-World War II period, most blacks seeking higher education attended private BLACK COLLEGES located mainly in the South. Most of these had been started in the years immediately following the Civil War as a joint effort of blacks, Northern church groups, and the Freedmens Bureau. Among these were Fisk University, Atlanta University, Talladega College, Morehouse College, and Spelman College. Late in the 19th century Tuskegee Institute was founded by Booker T. Washington, and a number of colleges were established by black church groups. Almost all blacks who received a college education before 1940 attended these institutions. In the 1940s some improvement was made in publicly supported institutions of higher education for blacks, and for the first time black students began to appear in colleges that had previously been all white. In the 1970s the percentage of blacks attending college increased markedly, but in the 1980s blacks lost ground. Although desegregation of the public schools in the South proceeded slowly for the first decade after the Brown v. Board of Education decision, by 1969 school districts in every state were at least in token compliance with the 1954 ruling. By that time all forms of de jure segregation had been struck down by the courts. De facto school segregation continued, however, in large part because the communities the schools served were segregated in their residential patterns. This was particularly true in large urban areas and more prevalent in the North than in the South. One method adopted to overcome such segregation was to bus children across school district lines in order to achieve racial balance in the schools. This caused major controversy and led to instances of violent opposition . The overwhelming majority of black children now attend formally integrated schools, although they may have little contact with white pupils even within the schools